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Cia-Cia, also known as (South) Buton or Butonese, is an Austronesian language spoken principally around the city of Baubau on the southern tip of Buton island, off the southeast coast of Sulawesi, in Indonesia. It is written using the Latin script and Hangul scripts.
Cia-Cia has been privately taught to schoolchildren in the Hangul script since 2008. The students are also taught some basic Korean. The program remained active as of 2024.
According to legend, Cia-Cia speakers on Binongko descend from Butonese troops sent by a Butonese sultan.Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 131.
Dialects include Kaesabu, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula (with its subvarieties), and Masiri.Donohue, Mark. 1999. "A grammar of Tukang Besi". p. 6. The Masiri dialect shows the greatest amount of vocabulary in common with the standard dialect. The Pedalaman dialect uses gh—equivalent to r in other dialects—in native vocabulary, and r in .
Notes:
/, / may also be heard as open-mid ,.
The mayor consulted the Indonesian government on the possibility of making the writing system official.Lee Tae-hoon, "Hangeul didn't become Cia Cia's official writing", The Korea Times, 6 October 2010. However, the project encountered difficulties between the city of Baubau, the Hunminjeongeum Society, and the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 2011. The King Sejong Institute, which had been established in Baubau in 2011 to teach Hangul to locals, abandoned its offices after a year of operation, in 2012; it reopened them in 2022. In December 2023, Agence France-Presse again published an article with interviews showcasing the Hangul effort.
In January 2020, the publication of the first Cia-Cia dictionary in Hangul was announced. It was published in December 2021.
As of 2024, Hangul remains in use in schools and on local signs.
Rene van den Berg (1991) provides a few more examples.
Geographic distribution
Cia-Cia is spoken in Southeast Sulawesi, south Buton, Binongko Island, and Batu Atas Island.
Name
The name of the language comes from the negator cia, "no". It is also known as Buton, Butonese, Butung, and in Dutch Boetonees, names it shares with Wolio, and as South(ern) Buton or Butung. The ambiguous name "Buton", often referring generically to various ethnic and linguistic groups of the Buton area, is said to be of Ternate language origin ( butu – "market", "marketplace"). Names such as "South Buton" can be used to disambiguate from Wolio, the historically dominant language of the island.
Dialects
The language situation on the island of Buton is very complicated and not known in great detail.Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 130.
Phonology
Phonology according to Rene van den Berg (1991).
Consonants
Vowels
Cia-cia has a common five-vowel system.
Orthography
Cia-Cia was once written in a Jawi script-like script called Gundhul, based on Arabic, with five additional consonant letters but no signs for vowels.
Hangul
In 2009, residents of the city of Baubau set about adopting Hangul, the script for the Korean language, to write Cia-Cia.
+ Cia-Cia alphabets g ㄱ a ㅏ k ㄲ e ㅔ n ㄴ o ㅗ d ㄷ u ㅜ dh ㅌ i ㅣ t ㄸ (null) ㅡ r~gh ㄹ ㅋ l 을ㄹ
m ㅁ b ㅂ v~w ㅸ bh ㅍ p ㅃ s ㅅ ’ ㅇ ng j ㅈ c ㅉ h ㅎ mb 음ㅂ mp 음ㅃ nd 은ㄷ nd 은ㄸ nc 은ㅉ ŋg 은ㄱ ŋk 은ㄲ
Examples
Words
Cia-Cia, like Muna language, has three sets of numerals: a free form, a prefixed form, and a reduplicated form. The prefixed form is used before units of 10 (pulu), 100 (hacu), and 1,000 (riwu), and before classifiers and measure nouns. The reduplicated form is used after units of ten when counting. ompulu is an irregular exception.
+ Numerals Numbers in Austronesian languages
!
! Latin
! Hangul 1 dise, ise 디세, 이세 2 rua, ghua 루아, 쿠아 3 tolu 똘루 4 pa'a 빠아 5 lima 을리마 6 no'o 노오 7 picu 삐쭈 8 walu, oalu ᄫᅡᆯ루, 오알루 9 siua 시우아 10 ompulu 옴뿔루 29 rua-pulu-po-picu 루아-뿔루-뽀-삐쭈 80 walu-pulu ᄫᅡᆯ루-뿔루
Sentences
An example of the Hangul script, followed by the Latin alphabet and IPA:Example is part of a textbook:
Citations
Sources
External links
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